Ovarian tumors are abnormal growths on the ovaries, the female reproductive organs that produce eggs. Ovarian tumors can be noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant). Many things can make you more likely to develop an ovarian tumor.

An ovarian fibroma is a rare, benign tumor of the ovary. Most commonly found in women in their 50s during perimenopause (transition to menopause) or postmenopause, ovarian fibromas account for approximately four percent of all ovarian tumors.

Spondyloarthritis (or spondyloarthropathy) is the name for a family of inflammatory rheumatic diseases that cause arthritis. It differs from other types of arthritis because it involves the sites where ligaments and tendons attach to bones. Symptoms present in two main ways. The first is inflammation causing pain and stiffness, most often of the spine. Some forms can affect the hands and feet or arms and legs. The second type of presentation is bone destruction causing deformities of the spine and poor function of the shoulders and hips.Many people with spondyloarthritis progress to having some degree of spinal fusion, known as ankylosing spondylitis. Ankylosing spondylosis (AS), a type of progressive arthritis, leads to chronic inflammation of the spine and sacroiliac joints. Usually the first sign of AS is sacroiliitis (inflammation of the sacroiliac joint). The sacroiliac joints are where the bone above the tailbone (sacrum) meets the bones on both sides of the buttocks (iliac). Sacroiliitis causes pain in the low back and buttock areas. The damage to the bone from AS starts a process where the body continuously tries to repair the damage with scar tissue and new bone tissue. The body responds by producing calcium deposits around the area of the damage, attempting to heal the bone and leading to a fusion of the joints/spine.

A neurofibroma is a type of nerve tumor that forms soft bumps on or under the skin. It often has no clear cause. They are usually non-cancerous (benign), but rarely may become malignant (cancerous). Symptoms, if any, depend on the neurofibroma's location and size, and can include a lump that can be seen or felt and if it is compressing nerves, can cause pain or numbness in the affected area.

White matter is the brain tissue that contains nerve fibers and serves as the connection to other parts of the brain. It is found in the subcortical (deeper) tissues of the brain. Nonspecific (meaning it is difficult to say what caused it) T2 hyperintensities describe areas with high water or protein content that show up “bright” (hyperintense) on certain MRI sequences. White matter hyperintensities are common changes seen on MRI in asymptomatic individuals (those with no symptoms), and their prevalence increases with age, to nearly 100% in those older than 90 years. They might be simply a benign (non-cancerous) marker of aging or they could be a marker of small vessel disease which is associated with cognition and stroke. Modifiable risk factors of small vessel disease include smoking, high blood pressure, poor cholesterol levels, carotid artery disease, and atrial fibrillation.

A harmless, congenital, thin-walled pocket of cerebrospinal fluid.

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a condition that is caused by an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles (cavities or spaces) of the brain without an increase in intracranial pressure. Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear liquid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord, cushioning and protecting them from damage. With NPH, an excess of cerebrospinal fluid is present because the body cannot properly drain and absorb the fluid. The differences between NPH and other forms of hydrocephalus is that even though there is a larger than normal amount of CSF, the pressure inside the ventricles remains the same.Normal pressure hydrocephalus most often occurs in people over age 60. The exact cause of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is not clear. However, in some cases, NPH can occur as a result of other conditions such as bleeding around the brain from head injuries/stroke or infections such as meningitis.

An infarct (short for infarction) is a stroke caused by an interruption of a healthy blood supply to the brain. Old infarcts are not reversible. They are most commonly caused by the same risk factors that cause heart disease, including high blood pressure, poor cholesterol levels, diabetes, smoking and sometimes emboli (small particles such as blood clots or plaque that traveled from other parts of the body).

A paraganglioma is an abnormal growth of cells (tumor) that forms from nerve cells found throughout the body. These nerve cells perform important functions in the body, including regulating blood pressure. Paragangliomas are found in the neck near the carotid artery or within the skull, the abdomen, or the chest.

Most pancreatic cancers are exocrine tumors. Tumors are an abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should. A pancreatic exocrine tumor forms in cells that make enzymes to help the body digest food.