Endometriosis (also known as an endometrial implant) is when cells similar to those lining the uterus grow outside the uterus. It is unclear what causes this condition to happen. While endometriosis is a common and non-cancerous process, the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus and its resultant inflammation can cause women to have pelvic pain that is related to their menstrual cycle, pain during intercourse, pain with urination or difficulty getting pregnant. Deep pelvic endometriosis occurs when there is more advanced (deeper) growth of the cells outside of the uterus and is associated with more severe symptoms.

A cystocele occurs when the ligaments and muscles that hold up the bladder stretch or weaken. You may see or feel tissue bulge through your vaginal opening or have difficulty urinating. or inserting menstrual products. Sexual intercourse may may also be painful. Treatment may include strengthening your pelvic floor muscles or surgery.

A disc bulge affects at least a quarter of the disc perimeter and involves only the outer cartilage. A disc herniation (also called ruptured disc or slipped disc) involves both the outer and inner cartilage and is created by a crack in the outer cartilage shell allowing the soft inner cartilage to stick out of the disc. Disc changes do not always cause symptoms, but can compress nerves, causing pain, numbness, tingling or weakness.

An edema is a buildup of fluid. A bone marrow edema (often referred to as bone marrow lesion) occurs when fluid builds up in the bone marrow. Bone marrow edema is typically a response to an injury such as a fracture or conditions such as osteoarthritis. Bone marrow edema usually resolves itself with rest and physical therapy.

Demineralization is when the mineral substances in bone are reduced. It can lead to serious diseases such as osteoporosis or tooth decay.

Osteophytes (bone spurs) are bony growths that form on joints when cushioning cartilage in between bones breaks down. Typical causes include aging wear-and-tear, poor posture and physical injury. Bone spurs are actually smooth growths that usually do not cause symptoms, but sometimes large spurs can physically compress nerves and cause symptoms including stiffness, pain, weakness, tingling or numbness. Disc osteophyte complex is a term used on MRI to denote the presence of disc changes (e.g. bulging, protrusion) in conjunction with osteophytes resulting in narrowing of the spinal canal (the space where the spinal cord runs through the spine).

A developmental venous anomaly (DVA), also known as venous angioma, is a congenital (present at birth) and benign (non-cancerous) malformation of the blood vessels. It is an irregular arrangement of small veins which drain into a larger central vein. They can occur anywhere in the body but are found most often in the brain or spinal cord.DVAs are usually asymptomatic (without symptoms) and found incidentally (in passing when looking for something else). Sometimes DVAs can cause headaches; less commonly, DVAs can cause seizures, neurologic deficits and bleeding in the brain or spinal cord.

This is when extra CSF is surrounding one of the brain blood vessels. Enlarged perivascular spaces in the brain are common, but can sometimes be associated with cerebral small vessel disease.

Demyelinating diseases are any conditions that cause damage to the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerves, which then causes communication problems in the nervous system and brain. One example of a demyelinating disease is multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Common symptoms of demyelinating disease include extreme fatigue, vision problems, and difficulty with movement.

A demyelinating disease is any condition that causes damage to the protective covering (myelin sheath) that surrounds nerve fibers in your brain, the nerves leading to the eyes (optic nerves) and spinal cord. When the myelin sheath is damaged, nerve impulses slow or even stop, causing neurological problems.