The cervical cavity (canal) connects the interior of the vagina with the uterus. Small amounts of fluid or mucus in the cervical cavity is a normal finding. No follow-up is indicated.

The endocervical cavity (canal) is the space connecting the vagina with the uterus. Sometimes it can be more expanded or wider than usual. It is unclear what causes this finding, but could be associated with history of vaginal birth delivery.

The normal prostate size is 30 cc or less, but the size is also based on a man’s age. As men age, the prostate cells can increase in number (benign prostatic hyperplasia [BPH]), increasing the overall size of the prostate organ (benign prostatic enlargement [BPE]). By age 50, approximately 50% of men have an enlarged prostate. Risk factors for an enlarged prostate include aging, genetics, obesity and lower physical activity. If the prostate becomes too large, it can block urine flow and result in lower urinary tract symptoms including needing to urinate often (especially at night), difficulty starting to urinate and having a weak urine stream.

Hip impingement, also known as femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), is a condition in which there is abnormal and wearing contact between the ball and socket of the hip joint. The result is increased friction during hip movements that may damage the joint.Symptoms include pain in the groin after prolonged sitting or walking. Many athletes often describe pain in the groin with deep flexion or rotation of the hip during activity. Occasionally, a popping or clicking in the front of the hip is described. Pain may also radiate along the side of the thigh and in the buttocks. It is important to rule out other causes of pain in this area which may originate in the low back or abdomen.

Epidermal inclusion cysts are the most common cysts that affect the skin. Most epidermal inclusion cysts form when the cells from the surface of the skin (epidermis) move deeper into the skin and multiply rather than slough off. They often occur in areas where hair follicles have been inflamed and are common in conjunction with acne.Epidermal inclusion cysts can occur anywhere on the body and typically present as skin-colored nodules that are non-cancerous. The size ranges from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter. Nodules may remain stable and painless or progressively enlarge. Spontaneous inflammation and rupture can occur, with involvement of surrounding skin.

An epididymal cyst is a fluid collection in the epididymis, which is a long coiled tube that is above and behind the testicle and where sperm mature. An epididymal cyst may be felt as a soft round mass in this area. A cyst that is larger than 2 cm is called a spermatocele. The exact cause of epididymal cysts is unknown. These cysts usually do not cause symptoms and do not require further monitoring or treatment.

Uterine fibroids (also called uterine leiomyomas or myomas) are abnormal growths in the muscle of the uterus. Fibroids do not generally have malignant (cancerous) potential, but can occasionally be the cause of some types of abdominal pain or prolonged/irregular menses.Blood vessels supply uterine fibroids with the nutrients and oxygen they need to grow. Uterine fibroid degeneration occurs when a fibroid outgrows its limited blood supply. The connecting blood vessels can no longer provide enough oxygen and nutrients to the fibroid causing its cells to die, or degenerate.

Small amounts of free fluid in the pelvis is a normal finding in pre- and post-menopausal women without symptoms or known abdominal/pelvic disease. However, larger amounts of free fluid can be due to a pathological process including bleeding into the stomach, trauma, acute inflammation, rigorous exercise (e.g. running a marathon), and gastritis.

The inguinal canal is a passage in the abdominal wall near the groin. It serves as a pathway through which structures (spermatic cords in males and the round ligament of the uterus in females) can pass from the abdominal wall to the external genitalia. There is one inguinal canal in each groin. The inguinal canals are larger and more prominent in males. Fluid within the inguinal canal may be associated with inguinal hernias (when tissue, such as part of the intestine or fat, pushes through a weak spot in the abdominal wall).

Fat-containing tumors are the most common soft-tissue tumors encountered clinically with the vast majority being benign (non-cancerous). Lipomas are the most common type of fat-containing tumors and demonstrate a characteristic appearance on MRI. The cause is not fully understood, but there is a genetic factor as they typically run in families. Usually these tumors do not cause symptoms, but can become painful if large and pressing on nearby nerves. Diagnostic evaluation includes physical exam, biopsy (tissue sampling), and a dedicated CT or MRI. Treatment is not indicated unless the tumor is growing in size or causes pain, in which case it can be removed surgically. Fat-containing tumors may also resemble a form of cancer called liposarcoma (cancerous tumors in fatty tissues that grow rapidly, don’t move under the skin if pushed from side to side, and are usually painful). A biopsy and/or MRI or CT scan is typically performed if liposarcoma is suspected.