During hip replacement, a surgeon removes the damaged sections of the hip joint and replaces them with parts usually constructed of metal, ceramic and very hard plastic. This artificial joint (prosthesis) helps reduce pain and improve function.

The humeral head is located at the top of the upper arm bone (humerus). It is the ball of the ball-and-socket joint that makes up the shoulder.Enthesophytes are bony proliferations (spurs) that develop at an enthesis (the area of attachment of a ligament, tendon or articular capsule [which provides cushion and protection to the joint whenever the joint moves] with bone). They are oriented along the direction of pull and develop in response to repetitive mechanical stress or a more generalized inflammatory condition.Enthesophytes usually do not cause symptoms, but sometimes large spurs can physically compress nerves and cause stiffness, pain, weakness, tingling or numbness.

Hip impingement, also known as femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), is a condition in which there is abnormal and wearing contact between the ball and socket of the hip joint. The result is increased friction during hip movements that may damage the joint.

The humeral head is located at the top of the upper arm bone (humerus). It is the ball of the ball-and-socket joint that makes up the shoulder.Cysts are non-cancerous fluid-filled sacs that can form in joints. Cysts of the humerus are common, and are often associated with rotator cuff tear or aging wear-and-tear (degenerative changes). Risk factors include obesity, smoking tobacco, familial history of osteoarthritis, abnormal joint alignment or unusual joint shape and prior joint injury. Symptoms, if present, can include discomfort, mild to moderate pain and limited joint flexibility.

A lesion is an abnormality seen on an imaging test. The lesion may involve small to large areas and the severity of the underlying condition may range from relatively minor to life-threatening. These lesions will need further work up to for a diagnosis.

An incisive canal cyst (also called nasopalatine duct cyst) is a small fluid collection in the palate (roof of the mouth). This is an benign developmental variant,

A sinus lesion is an abnormality seen on a sinus-imaging test A sinus lesion may involve small to large areas of your sinuses, and the severity of the underlying condition may range from relatively minor to life-threatening. These lesions will need further work up to for a diagnosis.

The infrarenal abdominal aorta is the segment of the abdominal aorta (the main blood vessel that exits the heart, bringing oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body) below the kidneys. An aneurysm is an abnormal bulge that occurs in the wall of the major blood vessel (aorta) or the smaller blood vessels (branch arteries) that carry blood from the heart to the body. Risk factors for an aortic aneurysm include genetics, male gender, smoking, high blood pressure and poor cholesterol. This aneurysm is usually asymptomatic (does not cause symptoms), but can cause chest, abdominal or back pain - and in extreme cases it can burst - causing internal bleeding.

A bladder lesion is an abnormality seen on a bladder-imaging test. A bladder lesion may involve small to large areas of your bladder, and the severity of the underlying condition may range from relatively minor to life-threatening. These lesions will need further work up to for a diagnosis.

A pancreatic lesion is an abnormality seen on a pancreas-imaging test. A pancreatic lesion may involve small to large areas of your pancreas and the severity of the underlying condition may range from relatively minor to life-threatening. These lesions will need further work up to for a diagnosis.