Abnormal kidney rotation refers to an anatomical variation in the position of the kidneys, in particular to a change in the orientation of the renal hilum. The hilum is the concave part of the bean-shaped kidney where blood vessels, nerves and ureters (the narrow tube urine travels down from the kidneys into the bladder) are located. Before birth, the kidneys normally pass through a complex series of developmental steps when they change position and orientation. Malrotated kidneys occur when these steps do not occur in the usual way. Malrotation of the kidneys may occur with one kidney or both.

A lobular kidney has a surface that does not appear completely continuous. This usually occurs during fetal development when the parts that fuse together to make up the kidney do not completely fuse. Another possible cause is from past damage to the kidney causing scar tissue.

Inclusion cysts are mucus collections that form a sac. Sometimes these cysts can rupture and release blood, known as hemorrhagic cysts. Proteinaceous cyst refers to a cyst with a thicker protein fluid inside. Inclusion cysts can be caused by childbirth or minor physical trauma. They are benign (non-cancerous) and are usually asymptomatic (do not cause symptoms), but sometimes can be the cause of pain or a bothersome feeling of fullness in the vagina.

Gyri are ridges on the surface of the brain. There is a mass effect or compressing/pushing of the adjacent gyri from the arachnoid cyst mentioned above.Potential Cancer

Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. The two main types are small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. These types are diagnosed based on how the cells look under a microscope.

“Tumor” simply means an abnormal buildup of tissue that occurs when cells divide too quickly or do not die off as they normally should. A lung tumor is a tumor that occurs in the lung tissue itself or in the airways that lead to the lungs. Lung tumors can be either cancerous (malignant) or benign (non-cancerous).

Lung metastases are formed by the spread of cancer from other organs to the lung.

Cancer cells can spread by breaking away from the primary (original) tumor, traveling through blood vessels or lymph nodes to reach other parts of the body. After traveling, cancer cells can attach to other tissues and grow more of the abnormal cells.

Polyps are small soft tissue growths that commonly occur in the nasal passageway and are frequently associated with chronic rhinosinusitis, allergies, asthma, and aspirin sensitivity in the syndrome of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). Large growths can sometimes cause symptoms of nasal airway congestion or blockage, thick discharge, and anosmia (the loss of the ability to detect one or more smells).

A deviated septum is when the thin wall (nasal septum) between the nasal passages is off-center (deviated) to one side, making one nasal passage smaller than the other. This can be present at birth or from an injury to the nose. Often a deviated septum does not cause symptoms and no further evaluation or management is needed.