A ureterocele is a congenital (present from birth) variation in the ureter (tube that connects the kidney to the bladder) where the ending closest to the bladder has sac-like ballooning.
The ejaculatory ducts are paired tubular structures that pass through the prostate, adding secretions from the prostate that are necessary for sperm function. They are responsible for delivering sperm into the urethra (the tube that carries semen from the ejaculatory ducts out of the body). Ejaculatory duct obstruction refers to a blockage of one or both of the ejaculatory ducts.
The PSA (prostate specific antigen) density is an additional tool that may be used to predict the likelihood of prostate cancer. It is the PSA level corrected for the size of the prostate. The PSA density is calculated by dividing the PSA level by the volume of the prostate. Prostate volume is calculated from MRI or transrectal ultrasound measurements. PSA Level ÷ Prostate Volume = Your PSA Density (ng/mL)Generally, if the PSA density is less than 0.15, a prostate biopsy can be reasonably avoided or delayed. A PSA density greater than or equal to 0.20 increases the suspicion of a clinically significant prostate malignancy (cancer).
The spermatic cords are part of the male reproductive system, carrying sperm out of the testicles. Lipomatous thickening of the spermatic cords, also known as spermatic cord lipoma or inguinal canal lipoma, is a benign (non-cancerous), fatty growth and demonstrates a characteristic appearance on MRI.
The inguinal canal is a passage in the abdominal wall near the groin. In men it serves as a pathway through which the spermatic cords can pass from the abdominal wall to the external genitalia. There is one inguinal canal in each groin. Some individuals have a retractile testicle, in which the testicle is drawn into the inguinal canal by the cremaster muscle reflex. This reflex is elicited when the inner part of the thigh is touched, causing the cremaster muscle to pull up the testicle into the inguinal canal. If the testicle can be manually moved back into the scrotum and stay in the scrotum on its own, it is not considered a serious health condition. Retractile testicles generally do not need to be treated unless you are having testicular discomfort or infertility issues.
Scrotoliths, also known as scrotal pearls, are benign (non-cancerous) calcifications (stones) within the scrotum (the small, muscular sac that contains and protects the testicles, blood vessels, and part of the spermatic cord). Although their exact cause is unclear, they are closely associated with chronic microtrauma to the scrotal region (e.g. from mountain biking, horseback riding) which causes damage to the tissues of the scrotum. Other risk factors include twisting of the epididymis (the long coiled tube that is above and behind the testicle and where sperm mature), twisting of the appendix testis (a small portion of normal tissue that is usually located on the upper portion of the testis), and having a hydrocele (a collection of fluid within the scrotum that directly surrounds the testes and the spermatic cord).
