Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), also known as renal cell cancer or renal cell adenocarcinoma, is the most common type of kidney cancer.
The renal pelvis is a chamber where all the urine-forming ducts meet before routing to the urinary bladder. Any portion of the renal pelvis located outside the kidney is considered the extrarenal pelvis. The extrarenal pelvis is a normal variation found in about 10% of the general population. Usually an extrarenal pelvis is asymptomatic (does not cause symptoms), but sometimes there can be complications such as frequent urinary tract infections or kidney stone formation.
A previous bone fracture that is now healed. No further follow-up or evaluation is needed for this finding.
Retrolisthesis is when there is backward slipping of the vertebra (spinal bone.) Retrolistheis occurs most often after age 40 because of degenerative wear-and-tear. Symptoms, if any, usually correlate with the grade of vertebral slippage, and can include localized pain, decreased range of motion, and numbness or tingling. If the slippage is in the lower back the pain may spread across the lower back and/or radiate to the buttocks and to the back of the thighs, and may feel like a muscle strain. It can also cause spasms in the hamstring muscles.
The cerebellum is the area at the back and bottom of the brain, behind the brainstem (where the spinal cord meets the brain). The retro-cerebellum is the area just behind or below the cerebellum.The brain and spinal cord are covered by three protective membrane-linings called meninges. Sometimes, for unclear reasons, extra cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) can collect under the middle membrane - the arachnoid membrane. This leads to the formation of a benign (non-cancerous) collection of fluid called an arachnoid cyst. Arachnoid cysts account for approximately 1% of intracranial masses.
A parotid gland is located in front of each ear and is one of the three major glands that provide the mouth with saliva. Salivary gland stones usually do not cause symptoms but sometimes if they block the gland, it can cause pain and swelling of the salivary gland, especially before or while eating food. Conservative management is the mainstay of treatment in the majority of individuals, which includes keeping well hydrated, applying moist heat to the involved area, and “milking”/massaging the gland.
