A bladder wall lipoma is a non-cancerous growth (i.e. tumor) of fat cells arising from the wall of the urinary bladder. Although lipomas are the most common non-cancerous masses found in the body, bladder tissue involvement is rare. This condition is typically found in passing (incidentally) on bladder imaging of individuals who are experiencing lower urinary tract symptoms (e.g. urgency, frequency, painful urination or incontinence) and/or the presence of blood in the urine. However, some individuals with a bladder wall lipoma may be asymptomatic (do not have symptoms). Although bladder wall lipomas do not carry any malignant (cancerous) potential, it must be differentiated from lesions that are potentially cancerous (e.g. liposarcoma).

Prostate calcifications (deposits of calcium in prostate tissue) are commonly seen in men as they age. Although the exact cause is not clearly understood, experts suggest the calcifications occur as a result of chronic inflammation of the prostate. Other potential causes include diabetes, infection, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), radiation therapy, previous urethral stent placement/surgery, and prostate cancer.

The iliac is the hip bone. A bone island, also known as an enostosis, is a common incidental finding of a small area of dense bone inside the spongy part of the bone. Enostoses are common, present in up to 14% of individuals.The cause of bone islands is not known. They are most likely congenital (present from birth) or developmental in nature and are thought to represent either hamartomatous lesions (non-cancerous tumorlike malformations made up of an abnormal mixture of cells and tissues found in areas of the body where growth occurs) or failure of osteoclastic activity (the body's process of breaking down bone in order to build it up again) during bone remodeling. Bone islands are usually considered benign (non-cancerous), stable, nonprogressive lesions, with a preference for the long bones and the pelvis. They typically present without symptoms, do not cause pain and usually do not grow larger.

Bursitis is a painful condition that affects the small, fluid-filled sacs - bursae - that cushion the bones, tendons and muscles near your joints. Bursitis occurs when bursae become inflamed. The most common locations for bursitis are in the shoulder, elbow and hip, but you can also have bursitis by your knee, heel and the base of your big toe.

Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the bone.

Bone cysts are benign (non-cancerous) lesions that develop inside a bone. Bone cysts usually do not cause any symptoms. However, sometimes they can expand in size and cause symptoms of pain or numbness when the adjacent nerve is compressed.

A bone island, also known as an enostosis, is a common incidental finding (found in passing when looking for something else) of a small area of dense bone inside the spongy part of the bone. Enostoses are common, present in up to 14% of individuals.The cause of bone islands is not known. They are most likely congenital (present from birth) or developmental in nature and are thought to represent either hamartomatous lesions (non-cancerous tumorlike malformations made up of an abnormal mixture of cells and tissues found in areas of the body where growth occurs) or failure of osteoclastic activity (the body's process of breaking down bone in order to build it up again) during bone remodeling. Bone islands are usually considered benign (non-cancerous), stable, nonprogressive lesions, with a preference for the long bones and the pelvis. They typically present without symptoms, do not cause pain and usually do not grow larger. Although bone islands have a characteristic appearance in the vast majority of cases, larger lesions may sometimes pose a diagnostic dilemma, particularly in the setting of known malignancy.

Sometimes during fetal development a vertebra (spine bone) does not fuse together properly, ending slightly wider than a normal vertebra and appearing like a “butterfly” on radiological imaging. This is a normal variant and not cancerous. “Butterfly” vertebra can make the affected area more prone to chronic back pain.

Brain tumors are classified as primary, those that arise in the brain, or secondary, those that have spread to the brain from another part of the body. In the United States, about 24,000 people per year are diagnosed with a primary brain tumor. Primary brain tumors usually develop from glial cells, which provide the structural backbone of the brain and support the function of neurons. Most primary brain tumors in adults have no clear risk factors identified.Brain tumors can produce symptoms due to local brain invasion, compression of healthy brain structures and by increasing pressure within the brain (increased intracranial pressure). Symptoms vary based on what parts of the brain are involved.

Brain metastases are lesions in the brain from the spread of cancer from other organs to the brain.