Sometimes the salts and minerals in the urine can crystalize and form bladder stones. Factors that increase the risk of developing bladder stones include inflammation of the bladder caused by infections, foreign material present within the bladder, kidney stones, and underlying conditions (e.g. prostate gland enlargement, neurogenic bladder) that affect the bladder's ability to hold, store or eliminate urine. Most bladder stones less than or equal to 5 mm in diameter pass out of the body spontaneously and asymptomatically (with no symptoms). If a bladder stone does get stuck or irritates the bladder wall, it can cause symptoms of lower abdominal pain, difficulty urinating or interrupted urine flow, bloody urine, and painful or frequent urination.

Bladder polyps are abnormal growths in the bladder lining that may be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Risk factors for bladder polyps include cigarette smoking and gender, with men being more commonly affected. Usually bladder polyps do not cause symptoms, but when symptoms do occur, they may include a constant or urgent need to urinate, pain while urinating, blood in the urine and pain in the abdomen and/or pelvis.

Trabeculation of the bladder describes when the bladder walls have become thicker and less elastic (less stretchy). This occurs when the urethra (the tube the urine passes through to exit the body from the bladder) is repeatedly blocked (obstructed). With the loss of elasticity, the bladder does not fill and empty as well, causing urinary symptoms such as a slow urine stream, frequent urge to urinate and/or the sensation of incomplete emptying of the bladder.

A cyst is a sac-like pocket of tissue that contains fluid, air, or other substances. Bladder cysts are usually benign (non-cancerous) and do not require treatment, however, some cysts are associated with a higher risk of malignancy (cancer).

Perinephric stranding refers to the appearance of edema (a build-up of fluid) within the fat of the perirenal space (an anatomical space within the abdomen that contains the kidneys, renal vessels, renal collecting systems, adrenal glands and fat) on CT or MRI imaging. A small amount of perinephric stranding is considered normal as an individual ages, especially when it’s noted in equal amounts in both perirenal spaces. However, asymmetric or unilateral perinephric stranding is an important sign of renal inflammation (e.g. acute pyelonephritis) or of acute obstruction (e.g. the presence of kidney stones).

A bicornuate uterus is a type of uterine anomaly that is present from birth (congenital) in which the uterus is heart-shaped. Overall, congenital uterine anomalies occur in about 1.5% of females. In most cases, a bicornuate uterus is incidentally discovered (found in passing when looking for something else) when the pelvis is imaged.

A cervical rib is an extra rib that is present at birth and forms above the first (top-most) rib, growing from the base of the neck just above the collarbone. It may grow on one side or both (bilateral) and may reach down to attach to the first rib (a fully formed bony rib) or may not be fully formed (a thin strand of tissue fibers). These are usually asymptomatic (do not cause symptoms) but can occasionally be a cause of thoracic outlet syndrome (a group of disorders that occur when blood vessels or nerves are compressed in the space between the collarbone and the first rib). Symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome include pain in the shoulders and neck, numbness, weakness, and coldness in the fingers.

Brain tissue tends to shrink at the rate of about 0.2% per year from the age of 30 and then accelerates after the age of 60 due to genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Bifrontal volume loss sometimes can be associated with risk of dementia. There are currently no established guidelines for investigating or monitoring this condition.

Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped structures that are part of the body's immune system. Lymph nodes filter substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid, and they contain lymphocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight infection and disease. There are hundreds of lymph nodes found throughout the body. Calcium has a tendency to collect in healing tissue. Calcified structures in the body have no metabolic activity.

A Bochdalek hernia results when there is failure of closure of the diaphragm (a thin skeletal muscle that sits at the base of the chest and separates the abdomen from the chest) during embryonic development. This can allow protrusion of abdominal content, usually fat but sometimes organs or the intestines, into the chest. Bochdalek hernias are found in approximately 6% of adults, with incidence increasing with age. This is usually asymptomatic (does not cause symptoms), but can sometimes cause gastrointestinal (e.g. constipation, abdominal pain) or pulmonary symptoms.