The lymphatic system is an integral part of immune defense and is made up of a system of vessels, nodes, and organs, including the thymus gland and the spleen. Lymph vessels carry white blood cells to areas of active infection, and lymph nodes help filter harmful substances from the body. Our lymph nodes are often swollen due to increased immune system activity when fighting an infection. However, swelling can be a sign of cancer within the lymph nodes. Lymph node cancer is also known as lymphoma, and like many cancer types, it is more lethal the later it is diagnosed. Early detection is, therefore, essential for improving lymphoma survival rates and giving clinicians more options for effective treatment. This article will provide a clear and concise guide toward understanding the symptoms of lymph node cancer, including when to seek medical attention.
Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that are part of the immune system, filtering lymph fluid to identify and combat infections.
The lymphatic system is somewhat similar to the blood circulatory system in that it carries cells around the body and is essential for normal bodily functions. However, the lymphatic system plays a specialized role in the immune system, with lymphatic fluid carrying white blood cells between lymph nodes and the sites of infection. Lymph nodes act as sites for immune cell maturation and recruitment and filter out harmful substances generated by pathogens. Together, these functions help protect the body from infection and maintain overall health.
Lymph node cancers arise within the lymph nodes and are broken down into two broad categories: Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin. You may have heard of lymph nodes being important for other types of cancer. This is because lymph nodes are a common site of metastasis (spread) for other cancer types. It’s important to note that primary lymphomas (cancers originating in the lymph nodes) are different in terms of their treatability and other characteristics compared to cancers that spread to the lymph nodes from other sites.
Understanding and being vigilant about the symptoms of lymph node cancer can increase the chances of early detection, which increases the chances of survival. However, it’s important to note that different types of lymphoma carry varying risks, which are influenced by factors such as age. Nonetheless, recognizing symptoms early remains essential for timely diagnosis and treatment.
Lymph nodes are primarily located in the neck, armpits, and groin and painless swelling of lymph nodes is the most common symptom of lymph node cancer. As we mentioned earlier, lymph nodes commonly become swollen when our body fights off an infection. However, a key difference is that swelling subsides after an infection has been cleared but persists when cancer is present. Less common causes of lymph node swelling include allergic reactions and inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.
In addition to swollen lymph nodes, individuals with lymph node cancer may experience persistent and unexplained fatigue. Fatigue differs from normal tiredness because it doesn’t go away even with adequate rest and sleep. In many cases, it can affect daily activities and become more problematic over time. When coupled with other symptoms, like swollen lymph nodes, unexplained fatigue should be taken more seriously as an indicator of lymph node cancer.
Lymph node cancer can cause individuals to drop a significant amount of weight unintentionally and to experience recurring fevers without obvious signs of infection. Weight loss is a common feature of many cancers and occurs for a variety of reasons, including nausea, mouth sores, and decreased appetite. A combination of these symptoms, along with persistent fatigue and unexplained swollen lymph nodes, should be a cause for concern and warrant immediate consultation with a healthcare professional.
Although the primary symptoms of lymph node cancer are listed above, they often appear alongside other, less common symptoms that are still important to recognize.
Night sweats are a common symptom that can occur for many reasons, including infections, hormonal changes, and responses to certain medications. However, they also occur in individuals with lymphoma. One potential difference between night sweats associated with lymphoma and those brought on by other conditions is their severity. Lymphoma can cause severe night sweats, which are enough to soak through clothing and bedding.
Generalized feelings of itchiness that occur across the body without a visible rash or other explicable cause is a less common but notable symptom of lymphoma. This itchiness is believed to result from the immune system’s response to the cancer, as immune cells release inflammatory proteins called cytokines, which can irritate nerve endings and trigger itching. Doctors may prescribe antihistamines to help deal with these symptoms.
In rare cases, individuals with lymphoma may experience pain after consuming alcohol. The cause of this symptom is unknown, though it could be due to ethanol (the alcohol molecule in common alcoholic beverages) acting as a vasodilator. Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels, and pain may occur when vessels widen within swollen lymph nodes. Despite its rarity, this is another important symptom to look out for, particularly if other more common symptoms are present.
As we've discussed, many symptoms of lymph node cancer are also common in other health conditions, particularly infections. This can make it difficult to know when medical attention is needed, especially when some common symptoms are present but not others.
If you experience persistent symptoms that last more than two weeks, it is important to seek medical care. This is especially important if the symptoms are unexplained and worsen over time. For example, if you have swollen lymph nodes and flu symptoms, and the swelling goes away once you recover, there’s usually no reason for concern. However, if you have swollen lymph nodes, with or without other symptoms, that persist without a clear cause, you should consult your healthcare provider.
Besides the appearance of worrisome symptoms, there are risk factors that can increase the chances of an individual developing lymphoma. People with a family history of lymphoma are at higher risk for developing this type of cancer. Additionally, certain health conditions, such as autoimmune disorders and immune-weakening conditions like HIV, also increase the risk of lymphoma. Individuals in these risk categories should be particularly vigilant about lymph node cancer symptoms and contact their healthcare providers more readily if they arise.
Lymphoma is commonly diagnosed with a biopsy following physical examination and other tests. Biopsy involves removal of part of the lymph node or tumor which is then analyzed for signs of malignancy. Imaging tests such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, ultrasounds, and chest x-rays can be used to examine enlarged lymph nodes and determine if the cancer has spread to different organs. Blood tests are sometimes used to determine the extent of lymphoma growth and the functioning of organs like the kidneys and liver.
Recognizing lymph node cancer symptoms early is important for improved survival. If any symptoms persist or worsen, seeking timely medical advice can make a significant difference. Proactive health measures, such as regular checkups and screenings, are essential, especially for those at higher risk. By staying vigilant and informed, you can take vital steps toward early detection and help ensure better outcomes.
Worried about persistent symptoms? Consider an Ezra Full Body Scan, which can screen for potential lymph node abnormalities and other signs of cancer. Be proactive about your health and book your scan today here.
