Typical Symptoms

New onset or pattern change of headaches, unexplained nausea and vomiting, vision or hearing problems, difficulty balancing or walking, speech problems, personality or behavior changes, seizures.

Recent Research

MRI with AI Assisted Image Analysis: AI was used to assist radiologists in segmenting the brain into normal and abnormal tissue.¹https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijbi/2017/9749108/

MRI for Brain Tumor Characterization: MRI was successfully used to differentiate high-grade and low-grade gliomas, as well as metastasis.²https://www.tomography.org/volume-4/issue-1-march/research-articles/j-tom-2018-00020

MRI Contrast: There was found to be no significant difference in the detection of brain tumors between contrast and non-contrast enhanced MRI scans in a cohort of children with prior brain tumors.³https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1971400919845619

Typical Symptoms

Swelling, pain, or a lump in the front of the neck, trouble swallowing, a constant cough that is not due to a cold, changes in your voice.

Recent Research

MRI: MRI is highly accurate in differentiating benign and malignant lesions on the basis of apparent diffusion coefficient values obtained from diffusion weighted images. ⁴http://www.ajnr.org/content/29/3/563

Diffusion weighted MRI: DW-MRI images were used to risk stratify cases of thyroid cancer.⁵https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/thy.2014.0419

CT and MRI: CT and MRI were both found to be useful in assessing the extrathyroid extension of known cancer.⁶https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3613791

Typical Symptoms

Coughing up blood, shortness of breath, chest pain, losing weight without trying.

Recent Research

MRI: MRI can correctly identify malignant nodules 5mm or larger with increasing diagnostic accuracy when computer assisted detection is used.⁷http://jtd.amegroups.com/article/view/3077/html_1

Nodule Detection by MRI: MRI is suitable for lung cancer screening with excellent sensitivity and specificity for nodules greater than 6 mm.⁸https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28932985

CT and Chest X-Ray: This paper details the sensitivity and specificity of low-dose CT and chest X-Rays for lesion detection in a lung-cancer screening cohort.⁹https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18475292

Typical Symptoms

Breast lump, change in the size/ shape/ appearance of a breast, redness/ pitting/ peeling/ scaling/ crusting/ flaking of the skin on the breast.

Recent Research

MRI for the Detection of Breast Cancer – Contrast enhanced and DW imaging had very high sensitivity and specificity values for the detection of malignant lesions.¹⁰https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4014797/

AI and MRI for Breast Cancer – Automatic segmentation improves the speed and classification accuracy for identifying breast lesions.¹¹https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31030291

Typical Symptoms

Most people do not show symptoms from early stage liver cancer. Symptoms may include losing weight without trying, loss of appetite, upper abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, yellow discoloration of the skin/ eyes, white chalky stool.

Recent Research

MRI vs. CT and US – MRI was shown to be the best imaging modality for the detection of lesions in a high-risk population cohort when compared to CT or ultrasound.¹²https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.11110157

Diagnostic Performance of MRI – MRI has a higher sensitivity and similar specificity for the detection of liver lesions when compared to CT and US.¹³https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1542356510009456?via%3Dihub

Typical Symptoms

Signs and symptoms rarely present in the early stages of disease. In the later stages, kidney cancer may cause blood in urine, pain in the back/ side that doesn’t go away, loss of appetite, or unexplained weight loss.

Recent Research

MRI vs. CT – MRI showed similar sensitivity for the detection and staging of kidney cancer lesions as CT, and showed better specificity in both areas.¹⁴https://www.clinical-genitourinary-cancer.com/article/S1558-7673(18)30338-0/fulltext

Non-Contrast MRI – Diffusion-weighted MRI can be used to effectively characterize renal lesions.¹⁵https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.2512080880

Typical Symptoms

Signs and symptoms often don’t occur until the disease is advanced. They may include pain in the upper abdomen that radiates to your back, loss of appetite, unexplained weight loss, new-onset diabetes, yellowing of skin or eyes.

Recent Research

MRI vs. Other Imaging Modalities – In a large-population, mixed-patient cohort, MRI performed identically or better than CT, PET, or ultrasound for the detection pancreatic cancer.¹⁶https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0720048X17301535?via%3Dihub

Typical Symptoms

Abdominal pain/ bloating, fever, losing weight without trying, nausea, yellowing of the skin or eyes.

Recent Research

MRI vs. CT – MRI was found to be better than multidetector row CT in the diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma.¹⁷https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30551027

Typical Symptoms

Weight gain, muscle weakness, nausea, vomiting, back pain, fever, loss of appetite, pink or purple stretch marks on the skin, hormone changes that result in the development of opposite-gender secondary sex characteristics (women – excess facial hair, hair loss, men – enlarged breast tissue, shrinking testicles).

Recent Research

MRI vs. CT – MRI with chemical shift imaging is superior to CT in the differentiation of adrenocortical adenomas from other adrenal lesions.¹⁸https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26849154

Typical Symptoms

Trouble urinating, decreased force of the urine stream, blood in semen, bone pain, erectile dysfunction.

Recent Research

Non-Contrast Enhanced MRI – NCE MRI has a high negative predictive value in ruling out clinically significant prostate cancer.¹⁹https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2683950

MRI to Avoid Unnecessary Biopsies – Using an MRI to triage suspicious cases allows nearly 30% of patients avoid a prostate biopsy.²⁰https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)32401-1/fulltext

MRI Prostate Cancer Detection Rate – The detection rate of clinically significant disease is higher with MRI than with standard “blind” biopsies.²¹https://synapse.koreamed.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3348/kjr.2017.18.4.597

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Typical Symptoms

Abdominal bloating or swelling, quickly feeling full when eating, unexplained weight loss, discomfort in the pelvis area, changes in bowel habits, frequent need to urinate.

Recent Research

Screening for Ovarian Cancer with CA-125 – This glycoprotein is used as a screening tool for ovarian cancer but has a high false positive rate and poor sensitivity and specificity values.²²https://jcp.bmj.com/content/58/3/308.short

Diffusion weighted MRI – DW MRI had a high diagnostic ability for ovarian cancer detection.²³https://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00005792-201705120-00006

MRI vs. CT – DW MRI performed better at diagnosing ovarian cancer and differentiating between benign and malignant lesions than CT.²⁴https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4723750/

Typical Symptoms

Vaginal bleeding after menopause, bleeding between periods, abnormal/ watery/ blood-tinged discharge from your vagina, pelvic pain.

Recent Research

MRI vs. Other Imaging Modalities – MRI performs better than CT/PET-CT for evaluating local tumor extent in endometrial cancer.²⁵https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4769723/

MRI for Myometrial Invasion – MRI is a good technique for identifying invasion to the outer half of the myometrium.²⁶https://ijgc.bmj.com/content/22/6/1020

Typical Symptoms

Blood in urine, painful urination, pelvic pain.

Recent Research

Urine Cytology – This screening technique has a very low sensitivity for the detection of bladder cancer.²⁷https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?holding=jhumlib&otool=jhumlib&term=12559279

Diffusion Weighted MRI – DW MRI imaging demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity in the detection and staging of bladder tumors.²⁸https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.2511080873

Cytology and Cystoscopy – There is little evidence to demonstrate the efficacy of urine cystoscopy and cytology for bladder cancer screening.²⁹https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/nau.23395